Who was ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb?

"intervened to protect them. Later, during the time of Umar ibn al-Khattab, Umm Gailan approached him and he acknowledged her favor, offering her assistance as a traveler in need. Ibn Hisham mentioned that Durar ibn al-Khattab joined Umar ibn al-Khattab on the day of Uhud. During the battle, Durar struck Umar with the edge of his spear, saying, Run, O son of al-Khattab, I will not kill you."

"The Caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab, May God Be Pleased With Him Then al-Faruq, the Commander of the Faithful, Umar ibn al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, took up the command after him and discharged it most completely. He was the first to be called the Commander of the Faithful. The first to greet him with that title was al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba, though others are also named, as we have set out at length in the biography of Umar ibn al-Khattab and the account of his life, which we have devoted a whole volume to, with his musnad and the reports transmitted from him arranged by chapter in another volume, and to God belongs the praise."

"Utba conquered al-Ubulla in Rajab or Sha'ban of this year. When Utba ibn Ghazwan died in this year, Umar appointed al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba over Basra for two years; then, when he was accused of what he was accused of, he dismissed him and appointed Abu Musa al-Ash'ari over it, may God be pleased with them. In this year Umar ibn al-Khattab flogged his son Ubaydullah for drinking, him and a group with him; in it he also flogged Abu Mihjan al-Thaqafi for drinking, seven times, and flogged with him Rabi'a ibn Umayya ibn Khalaf; in it Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas settled at Kufa; and in this year Umar ibn al-Khattab led the people on the pilgrimage. He said:"

"He died in this year according to the well-known account, at the age of sixty-five, and Umar went down into his grave; though it is said that he died in the year before. Then he gave the biography of Umar ibn al-Khattab, at great length and in great detail and abundance, bringing many important matters, abundant benefits and fine things; may God reward him with Paradise. Then he said: An Account of Those Who Died in the Caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab, May God Be Pleased With Him Al-Aqra ibn Habis Ibn Iqal ibn Muhammad ibn Sufyan ibn Mujashi ibn Darim ibn Malik ibn Hanzala ibn Malik ibn Zayd Manat ibn Tamim al-Tamimi al-Mujashi'i."

"He said: In it Umar expelled the Jews of Khaybar from it to Adhri'at and elsewhere; and in it Umar likewise expelled the Jews of Najran from it to Kufa, and divided Khaybar, Wadi al-Qura and Najran among the Muslims. He said: In it Umar instituted the registers; others claimed that he instituted them before this, and God knows best. He said: In it Umar sent Alqama ibn Mujazziz al-Mudliji to Abyssinia by sea, and they suffered losses, so Umar swore to himself never to send an army by sea after it."

"calculated and found it to be eighty-six thousand or so. He said, If the property of the family of Umar meets it, pay it from their wealth, if not, ask from Banu Adi ibn Kab, if their wealth also does not cover it, then ask the Quraysh, but from no other than them, and settle this debt for me. Then go to Umar ibn al-Khattab, mother of the believers Aisha, and say, Umar sends you greetings, do not say leader of the believers, for I am not the leader of the believers today, and request permission for Umar ibn al-Khattab to be buried with his companions. Abdullah went and greeted her, sought permission, and entered, finding"

"Umar said, “It is not from the generosity of a man to use his guest. The guest asked if he should awaken the servant. Umar replied, “He is at the start of his sleep. Umar then stood up, took the lamp, and filled it with oil. The guest said, “You, yourself, attended to this, O Leader of the Faithful? Umar replied, “I went as Umar and returned as Umar, nothing diminished from me."

"Now, there is another account involving Ubayy ibn Ka'b. Abu al-Darda' traveled to Medina with a group from Damascus. One day, they recited to 'Umar a verse from Surah Al-Fath: "When those who disbelieved harbored in their hearts pride, the pride of ignorance." 'Umar asked, "Who taught you this?" They replied, "Ubayy ibn Ka'b." When Ubayy arrived, 'Umar asked him to recite. Ubayy said, "By Allah, O 'Umar, you know that I was present when they were absent, and I was brought close when they were kept away. By Allah, if you wish, I will remain in my house and not narrate anything or teach anyone until I die." 'Umar responded,"

"and Umar executed his will. He died in Homs in the year twenty-one, and he had come before that for Umrah and returned. Al-Waqidi narrated that Umar expressed his sorrow and prayed for mercy upon Khalid, saying, "By Allah, he was a barrier against the enemy, blessed in his endeavors." Ali asked Umar, "Then why did you dismiss him?" Umar replied, "I dismissed him for his generosity with wealth to the noble and eloquent." Ali suggested, "You should have removed him from wealth and left him with the army." Umar replied, "He would not have been content." Ali said, "Then why did you not test him?""

"His death came at the hand of Zayd, may God be pleased with Zayd. Zayd was then killed by a man called Abu Maryam al-Hanafi, who later accepted Islam and said to Umar: "O Commander of the Faithful, God honored Zayd at my hand, and did not disgrace me at his." It is also said: that it was rather Salama ibn Subayh, the cousin of this Abu Maryam, who killed him. Abu Umar preferred this view, saying: because Umar appointed Abu Maryam as a judge. But this does not disprove what was said before, and God knows best. When news of the slaying of Zayd ibn al-Khattab reached Umar, he said:"